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Once conservative treatment with physiotherapy and/or drug-based measures have been exhausted, surgery is the method of choice for stress incontinence. This may apply if the stress incontinence is caused by marked displacements of the bladder, flaccid sphincter paralysis or substantial sphincter injury, for example, as a result of prostate surgery. In women, various surgical techniques (suspensions and sling operations) are employed in an attempt to restore the normal anatomy of the pelvic floor or bladder; in the case of flaccid pelvic floor paralysis or a severe sphincter injury, the implantation of an artificial hydraulic sphincter is the only treatment option.
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